Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder whose rehabilitation requires individualized strategies based on disease subtype and functional impairment. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the assessment and rehabilitation of respiratory, motor and swallowing dysfunctions in patients with SMA. For respiratory dysfunction, the techniques such as pulmonary function tests, diaphragmatic ultrasound and sleep monitoring, along with interventions including non-invasive ventilation, were evaluated. For motor function, various assessment tools such as functional scales, muscle ultrasound and physical fitness tests were summarized. Additionally, rehabilitation strategies for patients with different motor abilities were analyzed, including strength training, robot-assisted training and neuromodulation techniques. For swallowing function, the assessment methods such as videofluoroscopic swallowing examination, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and oral pressure measurement, as well as therapeutic approaches including functional training and compensatory strategies, were examined. This review aims to provide an evidence-based framework for rehabilitation and suggests that future research should focus on the clinical translation of multimodal biomarkers and home-based rehabilitation technology to optimize the outcomes and enhance the quality of life.