With the intensification of population aging in China, neurodegenerative diseases have significantly impacted the health of the elderly population. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of PD in China have shown an upward trend, imposing a substantial burden on patients, their families and sciety. To optimize the PD prevention and treatment system, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine has led an initiative involving experts from various authoritative institutions (School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; School of Public Health, Fudan University; Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University) to jointly compile the China Parkinson's Disease Report, 2025. This report presents epidemiological data on PD in China, provides an in-depth analysis of the latest economic burden of PD, and comprehensively assesses the current state of PD diagnosis and treatment services as well as the allocation of public health resources in China. The report aims to offer scientific technical guidance and robust data support for PD diagnosis and treatment, while providing professional insights to support government and relevant departments in formulating targeted health policies and interventions. It also seeks to establish a platform for academic exchange and collaboration in this field both domestically and internationally. Through the dissemination and application of this report, it is expected to not only provide a valuable reference for professionals, but also raise public awareness of PD.

This paper reports the diagnosis and management of a 65-year-old male patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) presenting with neurological symptoms. The onset of the disease was sudden, presenting with cerebral manifestations including aphasia, limb numb and weakness. The symptoms observed were variable and fluctuant. After admission, this patient had a fever. The laboratory examination revealed anemia, peripheral thrombocytopenia, moderate renal involvement, schistocytosis, a severe functional deficiency in ADAMTS13 and positive anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies. Clinical and biological anomalies ascertained the diagnosis of idiopathic TTP. With the rapid diagnosis and therapeutical plasma exchange immediately performed, the patient reached a complete recovery.

In June 2016, American Heart Association (AHA)/American Stroke Association (ASA) released the first guideline for adult stroke rehabilitation—AHA/ASA Guidelines for Adult Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery (2016 GASRR). This paper aims to compare the 2016 GASRR with Chinese Adult Stroke Rehabilitation Guideline in 2011 (2011 CASRG) and Consensus of Rehabilitation Experts on Acute Cerebral Infarction in 2016 (2016 CREACI) to provide references for rehabilitation therapy of stroke in China. The 2016 GASRR, 2011 CASRG and 2016 CREACI all suggest that early rehabilitation during acute stage is essential for optimal outcomes, but do not provide the specified timing of intervention. Suggestions on rehabilitation methods are mentioned given specific training programs can prevent pressure sore, joint contracture, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), lung infection and urinary tract infection. The 2016 GASRR gives more detailed information on rehabilitation methods, level of rehabilitation activities, rehabilitation schedule, and the interventions to prevent pro-stroke complications. Furthermore, different approaches are suggested in the 2016 GASRR, 2011 CASRG and 2016 CREACI on prevention of DVT and post-stroke central pain and the psychological intervention. The 2016 GASRR also has covered recommendations for improvement of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IDAL) which are specified to leisure activities and occupational treatments. As compared with the criteria of stroke rehabilitation abroad, there is still a long way to go for the development of stroke rehabilitation in China. In the future, more researches are needed to be done in China in order to standardize the post-stroke rehabilitation.

The evidence-based guideline of diagnostic approach to pauci- or asymptomatic hyperCKemia developed and released by European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) has provided the definition, clinical manifestation, diagnostic procedure and prognosis of this disease. Pauci- or asymptomatic hyperCKemia is defined as a condition that creatine kinase (CK) value beyond 1.5 times the upper limit of normal with no muscular signs. For the etiology searching, collection of the related family history is essential and the non-neuromuscular conditions that might contribute to hyperCKemia are needed to be excluded before further investigation. A muscle biopsy is preferred if one or more of the following are present: the serum CK value is ≥3 times the normal, the electromyogram suggests myopathic condition, the patient is < 25 years of age or there is a clue of exercise intolerance. The long-term prognosis of pauci- or asymptomatic hyperCKemia is generally quite favorable.

With the publicity of the concept of precision medicine, some researchers or doctors have proposed that the precision medicine is the same as the concept of treatment based on syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine according to the same individual treatment methods. This paper summarizes what the individual treatment is and indicates the similarity and differentiation between the two concepts from microscopic and macroscopic points of view. Integrative neurology needs the dynamic integration of the two individual and precision methods. This integrated way may decrease the rates of misdiagnosis and therapeutic errors and improve the neurologic clinical effects.

In November 2020, Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) released International Consensus Guidance for Management of Myasthenia Gravis: 2020 Update online. In addition to retaining seven topics for myasthenia gravis, two new topics (ocular myasthenia gravis and immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myasthenia gravis) were included in this guideline. Furthermore, the previous recommendations for thymectomy were updated, and the new recommendations were developed for the use of rituximab, eculizumab, and methotrexate in the topic of myasthenia gravis and immunosuppression therapy. This paper summarizes the updated recommendations and new contents in this guideline.

Neurological disorders such as stroke and Parkinson's disease often lead to postural control and balance dysfunction. Traditional neuromodulation techniques primarily target the cerebral cortex, while research on modulation techniques and mechanisms involving the cerebellum and other neural circuits for postural control remains insufficient. Neuromodulation based on the theory of central pathways and posture control (CPPC) integrates sensory inputs including visual, vestibular and proprioceptive with multi-level neural pathways (e.g. medial and lateral motor systems), in combined with neuroplasticity mechanisms, to provide precise interventions for motor dysfunction. CPPC approach employs multimodal approaches, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS). It adheres to 4 principles, which are internal and external synergy, proximal-distal integration, multi-dimensional reconstruction and compliance with physiological principles. By targeting the cerebellum, core muscle groups and cortico-spinal pathways, CPPC-based neuromodulation techniques have demonstrated significant improvements in patients' balance and motor function. Clinical studies have shown that CPPC approach enhances neural remodeling and functional recovery through centralperipheral synergistic intervention and temporal coordination strategies. Future research should explore individualized target localization, dose-response relationships and mechanism of multimodal integration to improve the establishment of precision rehabilitation systems. CPPC approach provides new ideas for neurological rehabilitation and has significant implications on both clinical treatment and research.

Motor dysfunction after stroke is a major problem for neurologists, and it is of important clinical significance that the stroke patients with upper limb dysfunction should need rehabilitation treatment, while the upper limb rehabilitation robots are important tools to solve this problem. This paper introduces the structures of ontology of upper limb rehabilitation robots, human-computer interaction technology of rehabilitation robots based on biological signals including myoelectric signal and electroencephalogram, the control system of rehabilitation robot technology based on the position and force, and the evaluation methods for the efficacy of upper limb rehabilitation training, in order to explore the developing prospects of upper limb rehabilitation robots.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an idiopathic inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) syndrome distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS). The discovery of highly specific antiaquaporin-4 antibody as a diagnostic biomarker for NMO has enabled recognition of NMO and expanded the concept of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). The International Panel for NMO Diagnosis (IPND) was convened to develop revised diagnostic criteria of NMOSD—International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for NMOSD, 2015. In this new nomenclature, the individual definition of NMO is cancelled and classified into unified term NMOSD, which is stratified further by serologic testing (AQP4-immunoglobulin G-positive or -negative). One of the core clinical characteristics is necessarily required for patients with AQP4-immunoglobulin G-positive NMOSD. More stringent clinical criteria, with additional neuroimaging findings, is required for diagnosis of AQP4-immunoglobulin G-negative NMOSD or when serologic testing is unavailable. This paper presents the highlights of International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for NMOSD, 2015, and gives some comments.

Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent desuccinylase. It is mainly located in the mitochondrial matrix and is closely related to mitochondrial metabolism and redox process. In recent years, great progress has been made on the role of SIRT5 in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the latest progress in desuccinylation of SIRT5 and its mechanism in nervous system diseases.

The choice of therapies for neurological disorders is limited and the effectiveness is poor. Stem cells are a group of cells that are immortal and have unlimited renewal abilities. Stem cell transplantation is expected to be an important choice for treating neurological diseases. The types of stem cells usually used in registered clinical trials include multipotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, which are usually used to treat stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain tumors, cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, etc. The majority of these clinical trials are early small-scale trials and the results of completed clinical studies suggest that stem cell therapies are safe and well tolerated. However, large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials to study the effectiveness of stem cell therapies for neurological disorders are still lacking.

Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by high incidence rate, hidden early symptoms, and low recognition rate, which can easily lead to complications such as aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition, affecting patients’ quality of life. The use of effective screening tools and objective instrument examinations is helpful for early identification of swallowing damage patterns, and provides the basis for individualized treatment including drug therapy, surgery and rehabilitation for dysphagia in PD. Based on the theory of holism, syndrome differentiation and disease differentiation, and meridian and acupoint theory, traditional Chinese medicine has certain advantages in the treatment of dysphagia in PD. Comprehensive rehabilitation and traditional Chinese medicine therapy are combined to optimize the treatment. This paper reviews the diagnosis, evaluation, treatment and rehabilitation of dysphagia in PD and the progress in treatment with traditional Chinese medicine, in order to provide help for neurologists, speech and swallowing therapist and other clinicians in the management of dysphagia in PD in clinical practice.

A report on revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies proposed by International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Commission on Classification and Terminology in 2010 has revised concepts, terminology, and approaches for classifying seizures and epilepsy, aiming to establish the international consensus on classification and terminology, reflect the fundamental relation between the classification and the terminology, and provide guidance on making appropriate treatment protocols in clinical practice. Generalized seizures and focal seizures are redefined for seizures as occurring in bilaterally distributed networks (generalized) and within networks limited to one hemisphere (focal), respectively. Furthermore, genetic, structural-metabolic and unknown which represent modified concepts are used to replace idiopathic, symptomatic, and cryptogenic categories. Organization of forms of epilepsy is first described by specificity: electroclinical syndromes, constellation, and epileptic encephalopathies. This paper interprets the key changes in terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies in the revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies of the ILAE.

Objective: To report the diagnosis and treatment of 3 cases of limbic encephalitis (LE) related to antibodies against leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) protein with faciobrachial dystonic seizure (FBDS) as the main clinical manifestation, and review the related literatures. Methods: The information of clinical features, laboratory examinations, imaging examinations, treatment and prognosis of 3 cases diagnosed of anti-LGI1 LE with FBDS as the main clinical manifestation admitted in Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine was reported and analyzed, and the related literature review was performed. Results: In these 3 cases，FBDS was the very early main clinical symptom, and they were diagnosed of anti-LGI1 LE by lumber test, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and autoimmune antibodies examination. The symptoms were relieved by immunotherapy, whereas one case underwent operation due to late subdural hematoma. Conclusion: FBDS is a characteristic clinical manifestation of anti-LGI1 LE, early identification is helpful for the diagnosis of this disease, and immunotherapy could effectively improve the prognosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease in the central nervous system (CNS), and the currently approved disease-modifying therapy drugs (MTD) can inhibit the peripheral immune attack in MS, but still fail to prevent the disease process in patients with progressive MS or severe neurodegeneration. Microglia, as inherent immune cells in CNS, play a role in immune defense, regulate the proliferation and development of neurons and glial cells, and remove apoptotic cells, exerting the neural protective effect. In recent years, many existing clinical drugs for MS have been found to have regulatory effects on microglia, and various preclinical studies have confirmed that therapeutic strategies targeting microglia show great potential in the treatment of MS. In this paper, the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of MS and its potential therapeutic targets are reviewed.

Rehabilitation of stroke is an indispensable process in the management of stroke; however, there is no consensus on timing and the specific strategies for early rehabilitation intervention. During 1994-2013, American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) successively released six versions of guideline for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. The recommendation on early rehabilitation intervention was first proposed in the guideline of 2003, recommending that the patients with acute ischemic stroke should be managed in comprehensive specialized stroke care units which incorporates rehabilitation personnels. Moreover, the prevention of subacute complications through early rehabilitation intervention was emphasized, and the passive and full-range-of-motion exercises for paralyzed limbs can be started during the first 24 hours, while avoiding falls. The enteral nutrition through nasogastric gavage and the use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) to sustain nutrition in patients with swallowing dysfunction were also primarily mentioned in the guideline. In the guideline of 2007, assessment of swallowing before starting eating or drinking was recommended, and the patients who cannot take food and fluids orally should receive nasogastric gavage or PEG. Early mobilization for less severely affected patients and measures to prevent subacute complications of stroke in specialized stroke care units were recommended in the guideline of 2013, and the assessment of swallowing and the appropriate choice to sustain nutrition were stressed on again. However, the final results of a very early rehabilitation trial (AVERT), which was a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of very early mobilization within 24 h of stroke onset, could not give a definite conclusion on the benefits in very early rehabilitation for patients with acute ischemic stroke. No similar large-sample clinical trials have been done in China. Therefore, there is no consensus on the optimal timing of rehabilitation intervention for ischemic stroke, and how soon should it begin is still unknown. In principle, the timing of rehabilitation should be based on the premise that not to aggravate the underlying conditions, and the early rehabilitation for acute ischemic stroke is recommended to implement in specialized stroke units.

Accumulating data has supported an autoimmune basis in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Neural-specific autoantibodies targeting both intracellular and plasma membrane antigens promote epilepsy through different mechanisms. Semeiology of epileptic seizure, neural-specific autoantibodies, inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalograph (EEG) contribute to make diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy. Immunomodulatory treatment may be a prospective effective therapy for autoimmune epilepsy, such as corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide, rituximab and azathioprine. Recent studies have indicated that cyclosporine A, FK-506 and rapamycin are effective for autoimmune epilepsy. In addition, plasma exchange is also one of the treatment options in acute phase. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment with immunotherapy and maintenance treatment in stable stage may lead to better outcomes. This review summarizes and analyzes the progress in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of autoimmune epilepsy.

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) produced by Clostridium botulinum selectively cleaves soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex protein and thus inhibits neurotransmitter release and causes chemodenervation. BoNT has been used in many fields such as clinical diagnosis and treatment and cosmetic surgery. Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by over-dose of BoNT. Iatrogenic botulism is most commonly observed after injection of neurotoxin with poor quality or not following usage rules. The symptoms of botulism commonly present as acute symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis. In some severe cases, respiratory failure may happen, which can even cause death. Once botulism happens, early administration of antitoxin is the most effective therapy, thus early diagnosis is essential. The diagnosis of botulism is mainly based on medical history and physical examination because toxin detection and Clostridium botulinum culture are both time-consuming. Nerve electrophysiological tests may be helpful in differential diagnosis. This paper reviews the researches on botulism, which may provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of botulism.

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease caused by a variety of reasons. It is a kind of repetitive, episodic and transient central nervous system dysfunction which is caused by the excessive discharge of neurons in the brain. Epilepsy is one of the common diseases of nervous system. There are about fifty million persons with epilepsy in the world. In China, there are about six million patients with active epilepsy, and the treatment gap is up to 63%. Recurrent seizures will seriously affect the quality of life of patients. The majority of patients can reach effective control of the seizures through reasonable medication treatment, whereas a part of patients with refractory epilepsy need non-drug therapy. This article summarizes the progress in treatment of epilepsy from two aspects of western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.

Rare neurological diseases account for approximately 60% of all rare diseases, representing a category with a relatively large patient population and wide-ranging impact. These disorders are highly heterogeneous, with complex clinical manifestations that may involve neuromuscular, metabolic, immune, or developmental pathways. As a result, they are difficult to diagnose and prone to misdiagnosis. Currently, there is no internationally unified classification standard specifically for rare neurological diseases. In clinical practice, these conditions often face challenges such as delayed diagnosis and limited access to treatment. This article reviews the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of rare neurological diseases, aiming to provide clinical reference.

Acute ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 60%-80% of all strokes. The management of acute ischemic stroke emphasizes early diagnosis, early treatment, early rehabilitation and early prevention of recurrence. Under the guidance of the principles of evidence-based medicine, stroke organizations at home and abroad have developed guidelines for the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in different countries. Cerebrovascular Disease Group of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association has revised the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of acute ischemic stroke in China since 2002 and stressed the importance of antithrombotic therapy. With the deepening of stroke prevention and treatment and the development of medical technology, the understanding of the mechanism of ischemic stroke thrombosis and accurate antiplatelet therapy is increasing, which provides a new opportunity for accurate antithrombotic therapy. In this paper, the form of thrombosis and the latest progress in antithrombotic therapy in acute ischemic stroke are reviewed, which provide therapeutic references for clinical prevention and treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is an autoimmune central nervous system disease with low incidence and involving spinal cord and optic nerve. The clinical manifestations of NMOSD are various, thus，it needs to distinguish from different diseases and poses challenges on diagnosis and differential diagnosis. This paper discusses the diagnosis and imaging differential diagnosis of NMOSD, focusing on the neuroimaging features, in order to improve the clinicians’ understanding of NMOSD and other related diseases, and improve the abilities of diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

The European Committee of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) and the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) have joined to develop an up-to-date and evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the pharmacological treatment of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) to guide healthcare professionals in the decision-making process. This guideline focuses on disease-modifying treatment (DMT) for the adult patients with confirmed MS and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and a total of 20 recommendations have been agreed, encompassing treatment efficacy, monitoring of treatment response, strategies for inadequate treatment response, treatment discontinuation and/or switch, as well as treatment in special situations (such as pregnancy). This paper presents the highlights of the guideline and gives some comments.

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be directly generated from differentiated somatic cells by transduction, which is a great revolution in life sciences. iPS cells are similar to embryonic stem cells and have the potential to differentiate into mature cells, but the former can avoid immunological rejection and medical ethics which exists in the study of embryonic stem cells. Therefore, iPS cells have shown a good prospect in the field of basic and clinical research. This paper reviews the 10-year development course of iPS cells research, the use of iPS cells in many kinds of diseases and clinical drug monitoring, and the problems in the study, especially focusing on the application of iPS cells in nervous system diseases.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, and its prevalence increases with age. At present, patients with PD in China mainly receive rehabilitation training in community rehabilitation centers or pension institutions, but due to the limitations of objective conditions, they often do not get timely and effective continuous rehabilitation treatment. Under the trend of “internet plus medical care”, in order to better guide rehabilitation training for patients with PD at home, it is necessary to develop an application software (APP) for rehabilitation training for patients with PD at home. This paper discusses the modules and function design of APP from five aspects of health education, rehabilitation training, home renovation, medical record and others, hoping to provide references for the design of related rehabilitation APP.

The decline of cognitive function caused by aging and neurological diseases seriously decreases the ability of daily life and the quality of life in old people. Therefore, it has been paid more and more attention to find effective interventions to improve the cognitive function and quality of life of the old people. Exercise can reduce the risks of Alzheimer disease (AD) and depression, improve the memory and cognitive function, and keep brain healthy, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Irisin is a muscle cytokine, which is a cleaved version of fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), and the exercise is the main factor to promote the synthesis and secretion of irisin. Irisin can promote the differentiation of neural stem cells, increase the neuroplasticity, and improve the memory and cognitive function. Recent studies have shown that exercise can directly promote the expression of FNDC5 in nerve tissue, and influence the microstructure and function of the brain by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)-FNDC5-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. Exercise can also stimulate the muscles and other tissues to synthesize and secrete a large amount of irisin, and promote the brain to secrete BDNF. In view of the important role of irisin in the regulation of nervous system and its close relationship with exercise, this paper reviews the research progress in the mechanism of irisin regulating exercise to promote the brain function.

Antibody-related encephalitis refers to an autoimmune inflammatory brain disease associated with antibodies against neuronal cell-surface or intracellular antigens, which takes neuropsychiatric symptoms as the main clinical manifestations. According to the antigen location, the pathogenicity of antibody and the response to immunotherapy, antibody-related encephalitis can be roughly divided into autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and paraneoplastic syndrome (PS). This review highlights the immunological pathogenesis of antibody-related encephalitis, including the causes of onset, failure of immunologic tolerance, the generation and damaging effects of pathogenic antibodies, and the destruction of blood-brain barrier, and aims to further understand the differences in pathogenesis treatment principles between AE and PS to provide evidences for further treatment optimization.

Inefficient glutamate receptor A2 (GluA2) Q/R site-RNA editing and related downregulation of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA2 (ADAR2) expression as well as pathological transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43-kD (TDP-43) can simultaneously occur in the same motor neurons in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting that there may be an association among these molecular abnormalities in ALS patients. The animal experiment has found that after knock-down of ADAR2 gene, the motor neurons of the rats showed a chronic death. The abnormal mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43 fragments induced by ADAR2 difficiency results in nerve cell toxicity, then accelerating the degeneration and death of the motor neurons. This paper summarizes the role of inefficient GluA2 Q/R site-RNA editing and TDP-43 pathology in sporadic ALS, and discusses the possible influencing factors associated with inefficient RNA editing mediated by ADAR2, hoping to provide useful information to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for ALS.

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of the level of medical technology, the mortality of stroke has decreased with years. However, the prevalence rate and disability rate of stroke have increased. Cognitive dysfunction after stroke is one of the common complications of stroke, and the cognitive dysfunction significantly affects the prognosis of stroke. Music therapy is one of the new techniques of rehabilitation therapy. It aims to regulate the nerve excitability and the inner circulation of the human body by music, so as to help the recovery of cognitive function. In this paper, the mechanism of music affecting cognitive function, the development of music therapy in china and abroad, the clinical application of music therapy in the rehabilitation of stroke patients and the existing problems are reviewed.

Post-stroke spasm is an important cause of high disability rate after stroke. Spastic paralysis after stroke has become a difficult clinical problem because of its “difficult to identify and treat”. If spasm is not treated promptly and effectively, it will not only cause limb pain, but also lead to muscle atrophy and joint contracture and deformation, which will restrict joint movement, affect the effectiveness of rehabilitation training, and even aggravate the condition. Therefore, effective prevention and treatment of spastic paralysis after stroke is an important measure to improve the quality of life of patients. This paper reviews the possible pathogenesis, evaluation methods and rehabilitation treatment of post-stroke spastic paralysis, in order to provide references for the prevention and treatment of poststroke spastic paralysis.

Migraine is a common and disabling primary headache disorder, which brings significant economic burden to patients, families and society. The management of migraine is multifaceted, including acute treatment and preventive strategy. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs are first-line treatment for mild to moderate migraine attacks, while triptans and preventive treatment are needed for moderate to severe migraine and chronic migraine attacks. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of migraine, and promotes the development of CGRP antagonists and monoclonal antibodies against circulating CGRP which is released during migraine attacks or targeting its receptor. Recently, several monoclonal antibodies against CGRP or its receptors have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States for the treatment of episodic and chronic migraine. So far, the pathogenesis of migraine is not clear. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine, with particular attention to the potential role of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in the prophylaxis of migraine.

This paper expounds the clinical therapeutic efficacy of extracts from Gastrodia elata Blume on anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. The studies based on pharmacology and molecular level have shown that the extracts from Gastrodia elata Blume has a variety of effects. In this paper, the research progress in bioactive constituents in the extracts from Gastrodia elata Blume and its anticonvulsant and neuroprotective are reviewed.

Case report is a common type of medical paper, and it is also one of the most popular types of paper for clinicians. Through vivid description of the diagnosis and treatment process about one or two cases or the case series, case report can provide perceptual first-hand information for clinicians, not only has a guiding significance in clinical diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, and cultivates clinical thinking, but also has educational significance for the whole society, to provide references for government decision-making. However, in many of the medical journals, the writing requirement on case report is less or even absent. This phenomenon exists in both domestic and foreign journals, especially in domestic journals. Due to the lack of the corresponding writing instruction, the quality of the case report is uneven, leading to the reduced acceptance rate of the case report. This paper introduces the related writing requirement on case report in Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals which is proposed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the CARE Checklist—2016: Information for writing a case report, in order to help the authors to improve the level of case report writing.

Music therapy is one of the treatment methods for stroke, which is performed by listening, singing, playing or cooperating with music rhythm. With music stimulation, music therapy can accelerate the nerve repair in patients with stroke, improve the blood flow of brain, the cognitive level and the motor function, and help to alleviate the dysfunction caused by stroke. Compared with the conventional drug therapy, music therapy can also prevent the potential mental disorders and treat the existing mental disorders in patients with stroke, so as to improve the patients’ psychology, effectively supplement the deficiency of psychological intervention, and help the patients to recover better. This paper reviews the latest progress in music therapy for stroke, and looks forward to the future development of music therapy.

Astrocytes are important components of the central nervous system, which account for about 20%-30% of the total cells in the human brain. A large number of astrocytes have important physiological functions corresponding to their proportion, such as providing nutrients for neurons, regulating ionic and metabolic balance in the nervous system, and maintaining the structures of the brain and blood-brain-barrier. Furthermore, numerous studies have shown that astrocytes are actively involved in the development, maturation and pathological processes of the nervous system. This review gives a brief overview of the evolution and physiological functions of astrocytes, and the progress in the research of nervous system diseases.

Central demyelinated disease (CDD) refers to a group of nervous system diseases that occurs in the brain and spinal cord with different causes and different clinical manifestations. Their etiology and clinical manifestations are different, but have the same characteristics. According to modern medicine, the pathological feature of CDD is myelin sheath loss, while neuron cell body and axonal cord remain relatively intact. Due to the absence in description of demyelinated disease in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it can be classified according to the different syndromes and different clinical manifestations of CDD. In TCM, it is believed that CDD is closely related to the functions of liver and kidney, and it is also associated with heart and spleen dysfunction. This paper summarizes the essentials and experiences in TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment of CDD, and provides new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of CDD by TCM and integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility, reliability, validity and sensitivity of ALS-SSIT scale—a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) evaluation scale for therapeutic efficacy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Methods: To summarize the experience in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of ALS and consult experts’ suggestions, and then develop a scale (ALT-SSIT scale) suitable for evaluating the efficacy of TCM in the treatment of ALS. The performance of ALSSSIT scale was evaluated on the day of enrollment and after 6-month of follow-up in 160 patients with ALS who received traditional Chinese medicine treatment. The SF-36 and ALSFRS-R scales were used as references to evaluate the feasibility, reliability, validity and sensitivity of ALS-SSIT scale.

Results: The acceptance and completion rates of ALS-SSIT scale were both higher than 99%. The test-retest reliabilities of ALS-SSIT scale were 0.917 and 0.918 on the day of enrollment and after 6-month of follow-up, respectively. The content validity and sensitivity (total score, score of each field and score of each item) were higher. There was a linear correlation between ALS-SSIT scale and SF-36 and ALSFRS-R scales, which means that ALS-SSIT scale could better reflect the changes in disease condition.

Conclusion: The feasibility, reliability, validity and sensitivity of ALS-SSIT scale in evaluating the efficacy of TCM in the treatment of ALS are satisfactory, which is suitable for clinical application.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. With the aging of the global population, the number of patients with AD is constantly increasing, bringing heavy burdens to the patients, families and society. The early and accurate diagnosis of AD has always been a hot and difficult issue. In recent years, with the advancement of scientific research, there have been significant achievements in the study of imaging and biofluid biomarkers of AD, such as the new breakthroughs in PET imaging technology in detecting amyloid and Tau protein deposition in the brain, and the discovery and application of blood biomarkers among biofluid biomarkers. In 2024, The National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) updated the diagnostic and staging guidelines for AD, namely the Revised Criteria for Diagnosis and Staging of Alzheimer's Disease (2024). This paper aims to interpret the guidelines and review the progress in the diagnosis and staging of AD, providing more accurate diagnostic basis for clinicians and helping researchers to further explore the pathogenesis of AD.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which has the main syndrome of myasthenia and muscular atrophy, belongs to the category of "flaccidity disease" and "spleen bi" in traditional Chinese medicine. The ALS belongs to the category of "apoplectic aphasia" and "pyretic aphasia with sudamina" with the main syndrome of medullary paralysis. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that the main pathogenesis of ALS is asthenia in origin and sthenia in superficiality, and the five zang viscera can cause flaccidity disease. The most common disease site is spleen and stomach, and the treatment mostly begins with replenishing spleen and stomach. It helps to delay the progression of muscular atrophy and bulbar palsy, and prolong the survival time of patients. In this paper, the historical evolution of ALS is discussed from the point of view of traditional Chinese medicine, and the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of ALS and its research progress are summarized.

The 2010 revision of McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has widely used in research and clinical practice. By combining the progress in scientific research in recent years, the international panel on diagnosis of multiple sclerosis reviewed the 2010 revision of McDonald criteria and recommended new revisions. The following changes have been made: in patients with a typical clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and clinical or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstration of dissemination in space, the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-specifc oligoclonal bands allows a diagnosis of MS; symptomatic lesions can be used to demonstrate dissemination in space or time in patients with supratentorial and infratentorial lesions or spinal cord syndrome; and cortical lesions can be used to demonstrate dissemination in space. The 2017 revision of McDonald criteria is intended to simplify or clarify components of the 2010 revision of McDonald criteria, so as to facilitate earlier diagnosis. The 2017 revision of McDonald criteria also preserves the specificity of 2010 revesion, and promotes its appropriate application in diverse population to reduce the frequency of misdiagnosis. This paper presents the highlights of 2017 revision of McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of MS and gives some comments.