With the rapid advancement of cancer therapies, the survival of patients with malignancies has markedly improved, accompanied by an increasing incidence of cancer- and treatment-related neurological complications. These changes have driven the emergence of onco-neurology as a multidisciplinary subspecialty. This review focuses on the clinical value of imaging in onco-neurology. By integrating disease onset along the temporal course with treatment-related context, we systematically summarize major onco-neurological conditions, including paraneoplastic syndromes, diagnostic or procedure-related neurological injuries, and treatment-related neurological complications. The imaging features and key differential diagnostic considerations of these entities are discussed. In addition, the potential role of advanced multimodal neuroimaging in early injury detection, differential diagnosis, and longitudinal follow-up is explored, with the aim of providing imaging-based support for the evaluation and management of cancer-related neurological injury.