The intertwined somatic damage and psychological distress induced by malignant tumors severely compromise patient prognosis. Currently, the construction of psychological intervention models in oncology that both meet modern evidence-based requirements and align with local cultural contexts has become an important endeavor in integrative oncology. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory of “unity of body and mind” (Xing-Shen He Yi) emphasizes the dynamic coupling of the soma and psyche, which highly aligns with modern psychosomatic medicine and the mechanisms of brain-body interaction. From the perspective of integrative medicine, this review systematically delineates the pathogenesis of tumor-related emotional disorders from both TCM and Western medicine, alongside the syndrome differentiation framework of “five Zang-organs storing spirit” (Wu Zang Cang Shen). Furthermore, it explores the organic integration of TCM clinical pathways with modern stepped-care management models. By systematically elucidating non-pharmacological interventions—including TCM psychological therapies, Five-Element music therapy, acupuncture, and auricular vagus neuromodulation—integrated with modern psychotherapeutic techniques, this paper constructs a comprehensive integrative intervention strategy spanning the entire disease trajectory: diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and hospice care. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a novel treatment paradigm with local cultural characteristics for modern psycho-oncology.