Under the backdrop of the comprehensive promotion of ideological and political education in higher education curricula, the construction of ideological and political education in the neurology master’s program is of critical importance. This study focuses on the construction and practice of a teaching case library, aiming to deeply integrate ideological and political elements into professional teaching. By forming a multidisciplinary team, it delves into the ideological and political materials in the clinical, research, and disciplinary history of neurology, meticulously constructing a case library covering multiple dimensions including diagnostic and treatment standards and professional ethics for neurological disorders, the spirit of scientific research innovation, and medical humanistic care. Through practical application in the master’s program and evaluation by means of questionnaires and assessment of students’ academic performance, the results showed that the case library effectively enhanced students’ ideological and political literacy, stimulated their enthusiasm for professional learning, improved their communication skills with patients, and promoted their awareness of social responsibility. This provided a solid support for the cultivation of neurology master’s students and offered a practical example for the construction of ideological and political education in similar medical professional courses.