脑卒中后上肢及手功能障碍发生率高达85%，严重影响患者的生活质量。传统康复疗法对部分患者效果有限，因此探索新型康复技术成为研究热点。脑机接口（brain-computer interface，BCI）技术通过解码运动意图、提供实时反馈，为诱导神经可塑性、促进运动功能重建提供了新途径。本文系统综述BCI技术在脑卒中后上肢运动康复中的临床应用进展、作用机制、主要范式、疗效评估、影响因素及未来方向。随着技术向智能化演进、高级别证据的积累以及多模态神经康复生态系统的构建，BCI有望从一项前沿技术，成长为神经康复治疗中可靠且具有变革性的工具。

The incidence of upper limb and hand dysfunction after stroke is as high as 85%, severely impacting patients' quality of life. Traditional rehabilitation therapies have limited efficacy in some patients, making the exploration of novel rehabilitation techniques a research hotspot. Brain-computer interface (BCI), by decoding motor intention and providing real-time feedback, offers a new approach to inducing neuroplasticity and promoting motor function reconstruction. This article systematically reviews the clinical application progress, mechanisms of action, main paradigms, efficacy assessment, influencing factors, and future directions of BCI in upper limb motor rehabilitation after stroke. With the evolution of technology towards intelligence, the accumulation of high-level evidence, and the construction of a multimodal neural rehabilitation ecosystem, BCI is expected to grow from a cutting-edge technology into a reliable and transformative tool in neural rehabilitation therapy.