随着肿瘤治疗手段的飞速发展，肿瘤患者生存期显著延长，与之相关的神经系统并发症日益常见，促成肿瘤神经病学这一新兴多学科交叉亚专科形成。本综述聚焦影像学在肿瘤神经病学中的应用价值，结合疾病发生时间轴与治疗背景，对肿瘤神经病学相关疾病（副肿瘤综合征、诊断或操作相关神经损伤及治疗相关神经系统并发症3大类）进行梳理，并分析不同疾病的影像学特征与鉴别诊断要点。此外，本文进一步探讨多模态高级神经影像技术在早期损伤识别、鉴别诊断及长期随访中的价值，为肿瘤神经病相关并发症的影像学评估与管理提供参考。

With the rapid advancement of cancer therapies, the survival of patients with malignancies has markedly improved, accompanied by an increasing incidence of cancer- and treatment-related neurological complications. These changes have driven the emergence of onco-neurology as a multidisciplinary subspecialty. This review focuses on the clinical value of imaging in onco-neurology. By integrating disease onset along the temporal course with treatment-related context, we systematically summarize major onco-neurological conditions, including paraneoplastic syndromes, diagnostic or procedure-related neurological injuries, and treatment-related neurological complications. The imaging features and key differential diagnostic considerations of these entities are discussed. In addition, the potential role of advanced multimodal neuroimaging in early injury detection, differential diagnosis, and longitudinal follow-up is explored, with the aim of providing imaging-based support for the evaluation and management of cancer-related neurological injury.