脑卒中后患者上肢运动功能恢复缓慢，严重影响其日常生活活动能力和生存质量。脑机接口（brain-computer interface，BCI）康复机器人作为一种新型闭环神经调控策略，可实时解码大脑神经活动信号并转化为控制指令，实现大脑与康复机器人之间的信息交互。采用BCI康复机器人进行训练，可以有效改善脑卒中患者的上肢运动功能障碍。本文系统综述了BCI康复机器人训练在脑卒中后上肢运动功能恢复中的关键研究进展、神经机制及现存挑战，以期为康复医学、神经工程和机器人技术领域的研究者与临床工作者提供参考。

Post-stroke upper-limb motor recovery is often slow, substantially compromising patients' ability to perform activities of daily living and quality of life. As a novel closed-loop neuromodulation strategy, brain-computer interface (BCI) rehabilitation robots can decode neural activity signals in real time and convert them into control commands, enabling information interaction between the brain and the rehabilitation robot. Training with BCI rehabilitation robots can effectively improve upper-limb motor dysfunction in stroke patients. This article systematically reviews the key research progress, neural mechanisms, and existing challenges in the application of BCI rehabilitation robots for upper-limb motor recovery after stroke, aiming to provide references for researchers and clinicians in the fields of rehabilitation medicine, neural engineering, and robotics.